Properties of charge:-
1. Charge is additive:
If a system contain $n$ number of charge that is $q_1, q_2 ....... q_n$ then total charge $q=q_1+q_2+.......+q_n$ due to this property charge is known as a scalar quantity.
2. Charge is Conserved
According to this property charge can neither be created nor destroyed it is just transfer from one form to another form.
3. Charge is associated with mass
Due to charging process electrons are transfer from one body to another body and therefore mass is also transfer.
Important Note
i) Positive body loss its mass because electron leaves from it.
ii) Negative body gain its mass because electron reach the body.
4. Charge is quantised
According to this property, all the observable charge are always integral multiple of elementary charge that is
$q=ne$
Where,
$q=$ charge of the body.
$n=\pm1,\pm2,\pm3........$
$e=$ elementary charge.
$=1.6×10^{-19}C$
E.g. $3.2×10^{-19}C$
We have,
$q=ne$
$\therefore n=\frac{q}{e}$
$\implies n=\frac{3.2×10^{-19}C}{1.6×10^{-19}C}$
$\therefore n=2$
Since, this body is an integral multiple of elementary charge. Therefore it is charged body, the nature of charge is positive.
Charging of a body
We can charge a body with the help of three methods
1. Charging by Friction:
The electricity which is produced due to friction is known as charging by friction or Frictional Electricity.
2. Charging by Induction:
If we bring a charged body near to the neutral body that neutral body becomes a charged body. This phenomenon is known as charging by induction.
Induction process explain in below:-
a) With the help of induction a sphere makes positive charge.
i) A neutral body is placed on insulating stand.
ii) If we bring a negative charge body near to the sphere then positive charges arises P side and negative charges is arises Q side.
iii) By using earthing we can remove negative charge from body to earth.
iv) If we remove both earthing and negative charge body then sphere becomes positively charged.
b) With the help of induction a sphere makes negative charge.
i) A neutral body is placed on an insulating stand.
ii) If we bring a positive charge body near to the sphere then the negative charges arises on P side and positive charges arises on Q side.
iii) By using earthing we can neutralize positive charge on the body.
iv) If we remove earthing and positive charged body then metallic sphere becomes negative charge.
Definition of Bound Charge
By charging method the charge which are unable to move from the body is known as Bound Charge.
Definition of Free Charge
By charging method which can move from the body is known as Free Charge.
Important Note
i) Free charge similar type of charge as charged body.
ii) Bound charge is opposite type of charge as charged body.
3. Charging by Conduction
If we connect a charged body with neutral body then neutral body becomes charged. This process is known as charging by conduction.
Conduction process is better than induction process.
Definition of Point charge
When two or more bodies are separated by a small distance then the charge is known as Point Charge.
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